Azzedine layachi biography of alberta

The Journal of North African Studies,

This article analyses the economic and political crises experienced by Algeria, Morocco and Tunis more This article analyses the economic and political crises experienced by Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia in the last two decades.

Using the notions of inclusion and exclusion, it compares the way these countries managed the crises and avoided a total breakdown. Tunisia narrowed the political sphere while widening somewhat the economic one; Algeria's all‐inclusive and unmanageable political opening was accompanied by economic reforms with a profound exclusionary effect; and Morocco's graduated political inclusion has contrasted with its exclusionary economic policies.

The notions of inclusion and exclusion can be correlated with progress in politica